ابو ايهاب حمودة
:: المشرف العام ::
عدد المساهمات : 25191
تاريخ التسجيل : 16/08/2009
 |  موضوع: إسهامات علمية (عِلمٌ أَو دِرَاسَةٌ مَوضُوعُهَا النَّبَاتُ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ) الأحد ديسمبر 05, 2010 12:56 pm | |
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إسهامات علمية (عِلمٌ أَو دِرَاسَةٌ مَوضُوعُهَا النَّبَاتُ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ)
إسهامات علمية
عِلمُ النَّبَاتِ
عِلمٌ أَو دِرَاسَةٌ مَوضُوعُهَا النَّبَاتُ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Botany : The science or study of plants, originated by Muslim scientists. عِلمُ النَّفسِ
عِلمٌ يَدرُسُ العَمَلِيَّاتِ الذِّهنِيَّةَ وَالسُّلُوكَ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Psychology : The science that deals with mental processes and behavior. It was originated by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ الهَندَسَةِ
أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Geometry : A branch of mathematics advanced by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ الهَندَسَةِ الزِّرَاعِيَّةِ
أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي تَعنَى بِتَطبِيقِ المَبَادِئِ العِلمِيَّةِ فِي زِرَاعَةِ الأَرضِ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Agronomy : The application of scientific principles to the cultivation of land, advanced by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ الوِرَاثَةِ
فَرعٌ مِن فُرُوعِ عِلمِ الأَحيَاءِ يَعنَى بِدِرَاسَةِ الصِّفَاتِ المَورُوثَةِ، وَهُوَ مِن الفُرُوعِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Genetics : The branch of biology that deals with heredity. It was advanced by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ تَشرِيحِ الأَعضَاءِ
عِلمٌ يَعنَى بِشَكلِ وَتَركِيبِ الكَائِنَاتِ الحَيَّةِ وَأَجزَائِهَا، وَهُوَ مِن العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Anatomy : The science of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts. It was advanced by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ تَقوِيمِ الأَعضَاءِ
فَرعٌ مِن فُرُوعِ الطِّبِّ يَدرُسُ وَسَائِلَ حِمَايَةِ وَتَقوِيمِ إِصَابَاتِ وَاضطِرَابَاتِ الهَيكَلِ العَظمِيِّ وَالعَضَلَاتِ وَالمَفَاصِلِ وَالأَربِطَةِ المُتَّصِلَةِ بِهِ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ العُلُومِ اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Orthopedics : The branch of medicine that deals with the prevention or correction of injuries or disorders of the skeletal system and associated muscles, joints, and ligaments. It was originated by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ دِرَاسَةِ القَلبِ وَوَظَائِفِهِ وَأَمرَاضِهِ
أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Cardiology : The medical study of the structure, function, and disorders of the heart, originated by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ زِرَاعَةِ البَسَاتِينَ
أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Horticulture : The science of growing vegetables, fruits, flowers, and ornamental shrubs, originated by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ طَبَقَاتِ الأَرضِ
أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Geology : The science that traces the origin and structure of the earth, originated by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ طَبِيعَةِ الأَرضِ
عِلمٌ يَعنَى بِطَبِيعَةِ الأَرضِ وَبِيئَتِهَا، وَهُوَ مِنَ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Geophysics : The science that deals with the physics of the earth and its environment. It was advanced by Muslim scientists.
عِلمُ وَظَائِفِ الأَعضَاءِ البَشَرِيَّةِ
أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Human physiology : The medical science originated by Muslim scientists.
غُرَفُ الطَّوَارِئِ
كَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن أَنشَأَ غُرَفَ الطَّوَارِئِ
Emergency rooms : Muslim scientists contributed to the design and operation of the first emergency rooms.
فَنُ التَّولِيدِ
كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن قَامَ بِاِستِحدَاثِ فَنِّ التَّولِيدِ
Science of midwifery : Muslim scientists created the science of midwifery
قِرفَةٌ صِينِيَّةٌ
أَحَدُ الأَعشَابِ الَّتِي كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِستَخدَمَهَا فِي أَغرَاضِ التَّدَاوِي
Cassia : A herb developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists.
قَزَحِيَّةُ وَقَرَنِيَّةُ العَينِ
كَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن شَخَّصَ دِرَاسَةَ تَركِيبِ قَزَحِيَّةِ وَقَرَنِيَّةِ العَينِ
Iris and cornea : Muslim scientists were the first to correctly describe the anatomy of the iris and cornea.
قَصَبُ السُّكَّرِ
نَبَاتٌ مِن عَائِلَةِ العُشبِيَّاتِ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ
Sugarcane : A tall tropical perennial of the grass family. It was introduced to the West by Muslims.
قُنبُلَةٌ يَدَوِيَّةٌ
قَذِيفَةٌ يَدَوِيَّةٌ مُتَفَجِّرَةٌ، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ
Grenade : A missile containing priming and bursting charges. The concept was first introduced to the West by Muslims.
كَبشُ القَرَنفُلِ
نَبَاتٌ تُستَخدَمُ بَرَاعِمُهُ كَدَوَاءٍ، وَكَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِستَخدَمَهَا فِي أَغرَاضِ التَّدَاوِي
Clove : A plant whose buds are used as a medicine. It was developed by Muslim scientists.
كِتَابُ الاِعتِمَادِ
كِتَابٌ تُصدِرُهُ البُنُوكُ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ
Letter of credit : A letter issued by banks. The concept was introduced to the West by Muslims.
كِيرُ الحَدَّادِ
فُرنٌ لِصَهرِ المَعَادِنِ، أَخَذَهُ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ
Forge : A furnace or hearth where metals are heated or wrought. It was introduced to West by Muslim scientists.
لِسَانُ الثَّورِ
عِطرٌ أُورُوبِّيٌّ أَزرَقُ الزَّهرِ، وَكَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِستَخدَمَهُ فِي أَغرَاضِ التَّدَاوِي
Borage : An annual, bristly European herb having blue star-shaped flowers. It was developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists.
مَأوَى المُتَخَلِّفِينَ عَقلِيًّا
كَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن أَنشَأَ مَأوَى للمُتَخَلِّفِينَ عَقلِيًّا
Insane asylums : Muslim were the first to establish insane asylums.
مَاءُ الوَردِ
مُستَحضَرٌ طَيِّبُ الرَّائِحَةِ يُستَخرَجُ مِن بَتَلَاتِ الوُرُودِ بَعدَ نَقعِهَا وَتَقطِيرِهَا، وَكَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِستَخدَمَهُ فِي الأَغرَاضِ الطِّبِّيَّةِ
Rose water : A fragrant preparation made by steeping or distilling rose petals in water. It was developed for medical use by Muslim scientists.
مِحقَنَةٌ
كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن قَامَ بِاستِخدَامِ مِحقَنَةٍ لِلحَقنِ تَحتَ الجِلدِ
Needle : Muslim scientists were the first to use hypodermic needles.
مُحِيطُ الأَرضِ
أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي حِسَابِ مُحِيطِ الأَرضِ
Earth's circumference : Muslim scientists contributed to the measurement of the earth's circumference.
مِخرَطَةُ الخَشَبِ وَالمَعَادِنِ
آلَةٌ تُستَخدَمُ فِي تَشكِيلِ قِطَعِ المَعدِنِ أَو الخَشَبِ، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ
Lathe : A machine for shaping a piece of material, such as wood or metal. It was introduced to the West by Muslims.
مَدرَسَةٌ لِلصَّيدَلَةِ
كَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن أَنشَأَ مَدرَسَةٍ لِتَدرِيسِ الصَّيدَلَةِ فِي العَالَمِ
School of pharmacy : Muslim scientists established the world's first school of pharmacy.
مَرَاكِزُ الجُرُوحِ
كَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن أَنشَأَ مَرَاكِزَ الجُرُوحِ
Trauma centers : Muslim scientists contributed to the design and operation of the first trauma centers.
مَرضَى السُّكَّرِ
كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن لَاحَظَ وُجُودَ السُّكَّرِ فِي بَولِ مَرضَى السُّكَّرِ
The diabetics : Muslim scientists were the first to observe the presence of sugar in the urine of diabetics.
مُرَكَّبَاتُ الفِطرِيَّاتِ
كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِستَخدَمَ مُرَكَّبَاتِ الفِطرِيَّاتِ فِي عِلَاجِ الأَمرَاضِ الهِرمُونِيَّةِ (أَمرَاضُ الغُدَدِ)
Glandular extracts : Muslim scientists originated the use of glandular extracts in the treatment of endocrine diseases.
مُزِيلُ الرَّوَائِحِ الكَرِيهَةِ
مَادَّةٌ تُدهَنُ عَلَى البَشَرَةِ لِلتَّخَلُّصِ مِنَ الرَّائِحَةِ الكَرِيهَةِ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ
Deodorant : A substance applied to the skin to mask or suppress body odors. The concept was introduced to the West by Muslims.
مُطَهِّرٌ زِئبَقِيٌّ
أَحَدُ الأَدوِيَةِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ
Mercury antiseptics : A medicine developed by Muslim scientists.
مُعَادَلَاتُ الدَّرَجَةِ الرَّابِعَةِ
أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي إِيجَادِ الحُلُولِ لِمُعَادَلَاتِ الدَّرَجَةِ الرَّابِعَةِ
Equations to the fourth degree : Muslim scientists contributed to the solution of equations to the fourth degree.
نَبَاتُ السَّنَّا
نَبَاتٌ مِنَ الفَصِيلَةِ القَرنِيَّةِ، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ
Senna : A plant of the genus Cassia. It was introduced as a medicine to the West by Muslims.
نَبَاتُ الصَّبِرِ
نَبَاتٌ ذُو أَورَاقٍ وَردِيَّةِ الشَّكلِ شَائِكَةِ الأَطرَافِ مُمتَلِئَةٍ بِعُصَارَةٍ لَزِجَةٍ، وَكَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِستَخدَمَهُ فِي الأغرَاضِ الطِّبِّيَّةِ
Aloe : A plant having rosettes of juicy, often spiny-margined leaves. Muslim scientists were the first to use it for medical purposes.
نَبَاتُ الكُركُمِ
جُذُورُ نَبَاتٍ اِستِوَائِيٍّ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ
Turmeric : The root of a tropical plant. It was introduced to the West by Muslims.
نَبَاتُ الكُزبَرَةِ
عُشبٌ طَيِّبُ الرَّائِحَةِ تُشبِهُ أَورَاقُهُ أَورَاقَ البَقدُونسِ، وَقَد أَخَذَه الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ
Coriander : An aromatic herb having parsley-like leaves. It was introduced to the West by Muslims for use as a spice.
نَزعَةٌ وِرَاثِيَّةٌ إِلَى النَّزفِ
كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن قَامَ بِتَشخِيصٍ دَقِيقٍ لِلنَّزعَةِ الوِرَاثِيَّةِ إِلَى النَّزفِ
Hemophilia : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis of hemophilia.
نَزِيفٌ
كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن قَامَ بِاِستِخدَامِ الثَّلجِ وَالمَاءِ البَارِدِ لِمَنعِ أَو وَقفِ النَّزِيفِ
Hemorrhage : Muslim scientists were the first to use ice and cold water to impede or stop hemorrhage.
نِصفُ قُطرِ الأَرضِ
أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي حِسَابِ نِصفِ قُطرِ الأَرضِ
Radius of the earth : Muslim scientists contributed to the calculation of the radius of the earth.
نِظَامُ العَدِّ العَرَبِيِّ
كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِكتَشَفَ نِظَامَ العَدِّ العَرَبِيِّ
Arabic numerals : Muslim scientists contributed to the introduction of Arabic numerals to the West.
نَظَرِيَّةُ الرَّقمِ الحَدِيثِ
أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي اِكتِشَافِ نَظَرِيَّةِ الرَّقمِ الحَدِيثِ
Modern number theory : Muslim scientists contributed to the creation of the modern number theory.
نَظَرِيَّةُ الفَجوَةِ
أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي اِكتِشَافِ وَتَحدِيدِ نَظَرِيَّةِ الفَجوَةِ
Sinus theory : Muslim scientists contributed to the invention and synthesis of the sinus theory
نَظَرِيَّةُ المُعَادَلَةِ ذَاتِ الحَدَّينِ
كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِكتَشَفَ نَظَرِيَّةَ المُعَادَلَةِ ذَاتِ الحَدَّينِ
Introduction of binomial theorem : Muslim scientists contributed to the introduction of the binomial theorem.
نُقطَةُ الأَوجِ لِلقَمَرِ وَالشَّمسِ
أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي حِسَابِ نُقطَةِ الأَوجِ لِلقَمرِ وَالشَّمسِ
Apogee of the sun and moon : Muslim scientists contributed to the calculation of the apogee of the sun and moon.
وَردِيَّات
كَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن أَنشَأَ الوَردِيَّاتِ النَّهَارِيَّةَ وَاللَّيلِيَّةَ فِي المُستَشفَيَاتِ
Hospital shifts : Muslim scientists were the first to institute the procedure of morning and afternoon hospital shifts.
الجَامِعُ الأَزهَرُ (مِصرَ)
بَنَاهُ جَوهَرُ الصِّقِلِّيُّ بِأَمرٍ مِن الخَلِيفَةِ الفَاطِمِيِّ المُعِزِّ لِدِينِ اللَّهِ، بُنِيَ بَينَ سَنَتَي (359-361هـ) (970-972م) بِمِصرَ، وَهُوَ مِن أَشهَرِ جَوَامِعِ الإِسلَامِ وَأَكبَرُ جَامِعَةٍ دِينِيَّةٍ، سُمِّيَ بِالأَزهَرِ إِشَارَةً إِلَى الزَّهرَاءِ وَهُوَ لَقَبُ فَاطِمَةَ بِنتِ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّم. أَصبَحَ جَامِعَةً لِأَوَّل مَرَّةٍ فِي العَهدِ المَملُوكِيِّ ثُمَّ أَصبَحَ جَامِعَةً حَدِيثَةً عَامَ 1961م تَضُمُّ عِدَّةَ كُلِّيَاتٍ. يُعتَبَرُ الأَزهَرُ سِجِلًّا لِأَقطَابِ الفِكرِ وَالسِّيَاسَةِ وَ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ فِي مِصرَ وَالعَالَمِ الإِسلَامِيِّ، لَهُ خَمسُ مَآذِنَ مُختَلِفَةُ الطِّرَازِ وَثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ مِحرَابًا، وَمُلحَقٌ بِهِ مَكتَبَةٌ كَبِيرَةٌ جِدًّا.
Al-Azhar Mosque : Al-Azhar Mosque was built in Cairo, Egypt by Jauhar Al-Siqilli at the bidding of the Fatimid caliph Al-Mu`izz in the years 359-361 A.H./970-972 A.D. It is considered one of the most famous Islamic mosques and one of the greatest centers of religious learning. Al-Azhar was named after Fatimah Al-Zahra', the Prophet's daughter. Al-Azhar became a university for the first time during the Mamluk era. Secular sciences were introduced in 1961, when it was upgraded to the status of a modern university with a number of different faculties. It has five minarets in different styles, thirteen mihrabs (Prayer niches) and a huge library attached to the mosque.
المَركَزُ وَالمَسجِدُ الإِسلَامِيُّ (لَندَن- بِرِيطَانيَا)
Islamic Cultural Center and Mosque, London
المَسجِدُ الأُمَوِيُّ بِدِمَشقَ (سُورِيَا)
بُنِيَ فِي عَهدِ الخَلِيفَةِ الأُمَوِيِّ الوَلِيدِ بنِ عَبدِ المَلِكِ فِي العَهدِ الأُمَوِيِّ سَنَةَ (86-96هـ) (705-714م) بِمَدِينَةِ دِمَشقَ بِسُورِيَا عَاصِمَةِ الخِلَافَةِ الأُمَوِيَّةِ آنَذَاكَ، أُنشِئَ فِي جُزءٍ مِن مَعبَدٍ لِلإِلَهِ الرُّومَانِيِّ جوبتر وَفقَ مُخَطَّطِ مَسجِدِ الرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ). لَهُ ثَلَاثَةُ مَآذِنَ وَتُعتَبَرُ مَآذِنُهُ أَوَّلَ مُحَاوَلَةٍ لِإِقَامَةِ المَآذِنِ فِي الشَّامِ، لَهُ أَربَعَةُ أَبوَابٍ وَمُزَيَّنٌ بِالفُسَيفِسَاءِ لَا تَزَالُ بَقَايَا الفُسَيفِسَاءِ مَوجُودَةً فِي أَجزَاءٍ هَامَّةٍ دَاخِلَ بَابِ البَرِيدِ (البَابِ الغَربِيِّ لِلمَسجِدِ) كَانَ فِي المَاضِي مُستَودَعًا لِلكُتُبِ وَالمَخطُوطَاتِ.
The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus : The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria was built in the reign of Al-Walid bin `Abdul-Malik from 86-96 A.H./705-714 A.D. It was constructed inside a Roman temple dedicated to the god Jupiter. Its layout was a reproduction of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. It was the first mosque built in Syria that had three minarets. All four walls of the courtyard were decorated with mosaics. These mosaics were well preserved and had recently been restored. The mosque once contained an extensive library of manuscripts
المَسجِدُ الجَامِعُ بِالقَيرَوَانِ (تُونُسُ)
بَنَاهُ عُقبَةُ بنُ نَافِع فِي مَدِينَةِ القَيرَوَانِ بِتُونُسَ بَينَ سَنَتَي (50-55هـ) (670-675م) فِي العَهدِ الأُمَوِيِّ، جَدَّدَهُ حَسَّانُ بنُ النُّعمَانِ وَالِي المَغرِبِ لِعَبدِ المَلِكِ بنِ مَروَانَ وَجَعَلَ لَهُ أَبرَاجًا عَلَى أَركَانِ أَسوَارِهِ فَاتَّخَذَ هَيئَةَ الحِصنِ وَهُوَ أَحَدُ المَسَاجِدِ الجَامِعَةِ الأَربَعَةِ الأُولَى.
The Great Mosque of Qairawan : The Great Mosque in Qairawan, Tunisia was founded by `Uqbah Ibn Nafi` between the years 50-55 A.H./670-675 A.D.during the Umayyad era. It was renovated on behalf of the Umayyad caliph Abdul-Malik Ibn Marwan by the Moroccan governor, who built turrets at the corners of the courtyard in order to give it a fortified appearance. It is considered one of the four great mosques in the Islamic world
المَسجِدُ الجَامِعُ فِي لَاهُور (بَاكِستَان)
تَمَّ إِنشَاؤُهُ بِبَاكِستَانَ فِي عَهدِ السُّلطَانِ جَاهَنجِير فِي القَرنِ السَّابِعَ عَشَرَ وَيَتَمَيَّزُ بِقُبَّتِهِ المَبنِيَّةِ مِن الحَجَرِ المُقَصَّبِ.
Al-Masjid Al-Jami` (the Great Mosque) in Lahore : Al-Masjid Al-Jami` was founded in the 17th century during the reign of Sultan Jahangir. It has a dome constructed of elaborately carved pieces of stone.
المَسجِدُ الحَرَامُ (السُّعُودِيَّةُ)
أَنشَأَهُ سَيِّدُنَا إِبرَاهِيمُ عَلَيهِ السَّلَامُ وَوَلَدُهُ إِسمَاعِيلُ حَوَالَي سَنَة 2793 قَبلَ الهِجرَةِ فِي مَكَّةَ المُكَرَّمَةِ بِالأَرَاضِي السُّعُودِيَّةِ، أَوَّلُ مَسجِدٍ فِي التَّارِيخِ. قِبلَةُ وَمَحَجُّ المُسلِمِينَ، بِهِ الكَعبَةُ المُشَرَّفَةُ، جُدِّدَ وَوُسِّعَ عِدَّةَ مَرَّاتٍ وَمُلحَقٌ بِهِ مَكتَبَةٌ كَبِيرَةٌ. أَكثَرُ مِن مِليَارِ مُسلِمٍ يَتَوَجَّهُونَ بِقُلُوبِهِم إِلَى الكَعبَةِ.
The Sacred Mosque : The Sacred Mosque in Mecca was the first mosque built on earth. It was founded by Abraham and his son Ishmael in the year 2793 before the Hijrah (the Prophet's Emigration). The sacred mosque encompasses the Ka`bah, a shrine held sacred by more than 800 million Muslims, to which they are required to make Hajj (Pilgrimage). It has been renovated and expanded several times. It also includes a comprehensive Islamic library.
جَامِعُ آيَا صُوفيَا بِاِستَانبُولَ (تُركِيَا)
بَنَاهُ السُّلطَانُ مُحَمَّدٌ الفَاتِحُ سَنَةَ (857هـ - 1453م) عَلَى أَنقَاضِ كَنِيسَةٍ بِيزَنطِيَّةٍ وَكَانَ قَد بَنَاهَا الإِمبِرَاطُورُ جوستنيان فِي أَوَاخِرِ القَرنِ السَّادِسِ المِيلَادِيِّ وَتَشتَهِرُ بِقُبَّتِهَا الضَّخمَةِ وَزَخَارِفِهَا وَرُخَامِهَا وَمُنَمنَمَاتِهَا الرَّائِعَةِ. تَحَوَّلَ اليَومَ إِلَى مَتحَفٍ فِي عَهدِ مُصطَفَى كَمَال أَتَاتُورك. وَيُعَدُّ جَامِعُ آيَا صُوفيَا مِن أَجمَلِ المَعَالِمِ المِعمَارِيَّةِ لِمَدِينَةِ اِستَانبُولَ.
Hagia Sophie Mosque in Istanbul : Hagia Sophie was originally the most renowned church in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. The church building was constructed during the reign of the Emperor Justinian in the sixth century A.D. and was famed for its immense dome. It was richly decorated with mosaics and costly marble. After the capture of Constantinople in 1453 A.D.by Fatih Sultan Mehmet, it was converted into a mosque and continued to function as such until it became a museum during the early years of the Turkish Republic. It is surrounded by tombs of Ottoman rulers and their families, as it was always considered the premier mosque of the Ottoman Empire. Its architecture had a profound influence on the subsequent development of the Ottoman architectural style.
جَامِعُ أَحمَدَ بنِ طُولُونَ (مِصرُ)
بَنَاهُ أَحمَدُ بنُ طُولُونَ سَنَةَ (263هـ - 876م)ُ وَاِنتَهَى مِنهُ (265هـ - 878م) وَيَقَعُ فِي مِصرَ فِي مَيدَانِ أَحمَدَ بنِ طُولُونَ بِحَيِّ السَّيِّدَةِ زَينَبَ جَنُوبَ القَاهِرَةِ (مَوقِع مَدِينَةِ القَطَائِعِ). كَانَ تَخطِيطُهُ مَسجِدَ حِصنٍ كَمَسجِدِ سَامَرَّاءَ لَهُ مِئذَنَةٌ مَلوِيَّةٌ وَهِيَ ذَاتُ مِصعَدٍ خَارِجِيٍّ يَدُورُ حَولَ بَدَنِهَا حَتَّى أَعلَاهَا.
Ahmad Ibn Tulun Mosque : Ahmad Ibn Tulun Mosque in Egypt was founded by Ahmad Ibn Tulun in 876 A.D./263 A.H.and completed in 878 A.D./265 A.H.It is situated in Al-Saiydah Zainab quarter in southern Cairo, a place in which the ancient city of Al-Qata'i` was once located. The general layout of the mosque was modeled on that of the Great Mosque of Samarra. It has a minaret with spiral staircase winding around its exterior.
جَامِعُ السُّلَيمَانِيَّةِ (تُركِيَا)
بُنِيَ فِي عَهدِ السُّلطَانِ سُلَيمَانِ القَانُونِيِّ وَدُفِنَ دَاخِلَهُ سِلِيمُ الأَوَّلُ مَؤَسِّسُ الإِمبِرَاطُورِيَّةِ العُثمَانِيَّةِ. يَقَعُ المَسجِدُ عَلَى تَلٍّ خَلفَ جَامِعَةِ اِستَانبُولَ وَهُوَ مِن الآثَارِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ الخَالِدَةِ، لَهُ أَربَعَةُ مَنَابِرَ. جُلِبَت قِطَعُ المَرمَرِ المُستَعمَلَةُ فِي بِنَائِهِ مِن جَزِيرَةِ مَرمَرَةَ وَالجَزِيرَةِ العَرَبِيَّةِ وَاليَمَنِ، بِهِ زَخَارِفُ مُلَوَّنَةٌ كَثِيرَةٌ وَكِتَابَاتٌ مِن خَطِّ أَحمَدَ قُرَّةَ، وَحَسَن شَلَبِي أَشهَرِ الخَطَّاطِينَ فِي العَهدِ العُثمَانِيِّ آنَذَاكَ. وَالجَامِعُ مُلحَقٌ بِهِ مَكتَبَةٌ ضَخمَةٌ.
The Sulymaniye Mosque : This outstanding structure was erected in the reign of the Sultan Sulyman Al-Qanuni. Selim I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire, was buried in a tomb to the rear of this mosque. The mosque was erected on a hill near the University of Istanbul. With its four minarets, it is considered one of the major monuments of the Islamic antiquities. The marble used in its construction was brought from the Marmara region, the Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. Hasan Celebi, the student of Ahmet Karah, the most famous of all Ottoman calligraphers, executed the Arabic inscriptions which are intermingled with colorful ceramic decoration. A huge library was constructed in the mosque complex.
جَامِعُ القَرَوِيِّينَ (المَغرِبُ)
أَنشَأَهُ إِدرِيسُ الثَّانِي فِي عَهدِ دَولَةِ الأَدَارِسَةِ سَنَةَ (192هـ - 808م) بِمَدِينَةِ فَاسَ بِالمَغرِبِ، وَالمَسجِدُ عَلَمٌ مِن أَعلَامِ الحَضَارَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ وَمَركَزُ عِبَادَةٍ وَأَقدَمُ جَامِعَةٍ فِي التَّارِيخِ تَحَوَّلَت اليَومَ إِلَى جَامِعَةٍ حَدِيثَةٍ تُدَرِّسُ عُلُومَ الإِسلَامِ وَعُلُومَ العَصرِ الحَدِيثِ. يَمتَازُ هَذَا الجَامِعُ بِأَسطُحِهِ القُرمُزِيَّةِ. مِنبَرُهُ مِن أَجمَلِ المَنَابِرِ المَعرُوفَةِ إِلَى اليَومِ وَهُوَ نَمُوذَجٌ لِلفَنِّ المَغرِبِيِّ الأَندَلُسِيِّ، وَمُلحَقٌ بِهِ مَكتَبَةٌ كَبِيرَةٌ. اِشتَرَكَت فِي بِنَائِهِ جَمِيعُ الدُّوَلِ الَّتِي تَعَاقَبَت عَلَى الحُكمِ فِي المَغرِبِ.
Al-Qarawiyin Mosque : Al-Qarawiyin Mosque was founded in Fez, Morocco in 192 A.H./808 A.D. by Idris II during the Idrisid Dynasty. One of the greatest achievements of Islamic civilization, it is a center of worship and one of the most ancient universities in the world. It is now a modern university teaching religious and modern secular sciences. Its pulpit is considered a model of the outstanding beauty of Andalusian art. Subsequent Moroccan dynasties have contributed to its renovation.
جَامِعُ عَمرِو بنِ العَاصِ (مِصرُ)
أَنشَأَهُ عَمرُو بنُ العَاصِ 21هـ وَيَقَعُ فِي (مِصرَ) مَيدَانِ عَمرِو بنِ العَاصِ - مِصرَ القَدِيمَةِ- لَم يَبقَ مِن أَصلِهِ الأَوَّلِ شَيءٌ عَلَى الإِطلَاقِ، نَالَ عَلَى يَدِ الأُمَوِيِّينَ وَالعَبَّاسِيِّينَ نَصِيبًا مِن العِنَايَةِ المِعمَارِيَّةِ، وَفِي العَصرِ الفَاطِمِيِّ عُنِيَ بِهِ خُلَفَاءُ الدَّولَةِ فَزَوَّدُوهُ بِالكَثِيرِ مِن الأَثَاثِ وَالثُّرَيَّاتِ وَالقَنَادِيلِ.
`Amr Ibn Al-`As Mosque : `Amr Ibn Al-`As Mosque was founded by `Amr Ibn Al-`As in 21 A.H., in the newly established city of Fustat, Egypt. Today nothing remains of its original structure. The Umayyads and the Abbasids renovated it several times. In the Fatimid era it was luxuriously furnished and equipped with scores of lamps.
مَسجِدُ أَصفَهَانَ (إِيرَان)
مَسجِدُ الشَّاه الكَبِيرِ بِمَدِينَةِ أَصفَهَانَ بِإِيرَانَ الَّتِي يُنسَبُ إِلَيهَا الكَثِيرُ مِن العُلَمَاءِ.
Isfahan Mosque : Isfahan Mosque in Iran is also known as 'Masjid Al-Shah Al-Kabir'. Many scholars have been associated with this mosque
مَسجِدُ السُّلطَانِ (كُوَالَالَمبُور)
The Sultan Mosque, Kuala Lumpur
مَسجِدُ السِّلِيمِيَّةِ فِي أَدِرنَة (تُركِيَا)
مَسجِدُ السِّلِيمِيَّةِ فِي أَدِرنَة بِتُركِيَا بَدَأَ إِنشَاؤُهُ سَنَةَ 1570م وَتَمَّ بِنَاؤُهُ سَنَةَ 1574م. وَهُوَ مِن تَصمِيمِ المِعمَارِيِّ سِنَان وَالَّذِي يُعتَبَرُ مِن أَكمَلِ أَعمَالِهِ الَّتِي تَزِيدُ عَلَى ثَلَاثِمِائَةِ مَبنًى مَا بَينَ مَسَاجِدَ وَمَدَارِسَ وَقَنَاطِرَ وَقُصُورٍ. وَالمَسجِدُ كُلُّهُ مُلَبَّسٌ بِالرُّخَامِ وَالمَرمَرِ.
The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, Turkey : The Selimiye Mosque was constructed in 1570-1574 A.D. by the Sultan Selim II. This building was the masterpiece of the great court architect Sinan. He designed many mosques, in addition to over 300 other buildings, including baths, schools, markets, caravansaries and bridges. The mosque is famous for the perfection of its design and the quality of its decorations.
مَسجِدُ المَدِينَةِ المُنَوَّرَةِ (السُّعُودِيَّةُ)
أَنشَأَهُ الرَّسُولُ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) سَنَةَ (1هـ - 622م) وَهُوَ ثَانِي مَسجِدٍ فِي الإِسلَامِ وَمَقَرُّ أَوَّلِ حُكُومَةٍ إِسلَامِيَّةٍ، ثَانِي الحَرَمَينِ الشَّرِيفَينِ الَّذِي تُشَدُّ إِلَيهِ الرِّحَالُ، وَالمَركَزُ الرُّوحِيُّ وَالفِكرِيُّ وَالسِّيَاسِيُّ لِلجَمَاعَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ وَرَمزُ وَحدَتِهَا، وُلِدَ فِيهِ أَوَّلُ دُستُورٍ لِلإِسلَامِ.
The Prophet's Mosque in Medina : The Prophet's Mosque in Medina was built by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 1 A.H./622 A.D. It was the second mosque in the Islamic era and the headquarters of the first Islamic government. Moreover, it is considered the center of Muslims and the symbol for their spiritual, political and intellectual unity. In this mosque, the first Islamic constitution was laid down.
مَسجِدُ دِلهِي (الهِند)
أَنشَأَهُ السُّلطَانُ شَاه جَاهَان فِي العَهدِ الإِسلَامِيِّ بِالقَرنِ السَّابِعَ عَشَرَ (1644-1658م) بِدِلهِي بِالهِندِ، أَكبَرُ مَسَاجِدِ الهِندِ قَاطِبَةً، طِرَازُهُ هِندِيٌّ مَحَلِّيٌّ يَجمَعُ بَينَ طَرِيقَةِ المَعَابِدِ البُوذِيَّةِ وَالهِندُوسِيَّةِ قَبلَ الإِسلَامِ، لَهُ مِئذَنَتَانِ رَفِيعَتَانِ تَرتَفِعَانِ أَربَعِينَ مِترًا فِي غَايَةِ الغَرَابَةِ وَالجَمَالِ.
Delhi Mosque : Delhi Mosque was founded by Sultan Shah Jahan in the 17th century (1644-1658 A.D.) It is the biggest mosque on the Indian subcontinent. It is built in Indian style, which combines Persian, Buddhist and Hindu architectural elements. It has two beautiful, slender minarets, each 40 meters high.
مَسجِدُ سَامَرَّاءَ (العِرَاقُ)
بَنَاهُ الخَلِيفَةُ العَبَّاسِيُّ المُتَوَكِّلُ سَنَةَ (218هـ-228هـ) و (833م-843م) بِسَامَرَّاءَ بِالعِرَاقِ، يُشبِهُ الحِصنَ، وَمِئذَنَتُهُ ذَاتُ مِصعَدٍ لَولَبِيٍّ تُذَكِّرُ بِفِكرَةِ بُرجِ بَابِلَ وَتُسَمَّى المَلوِيَّةَ، أَوسَعُ مَا بَنَاهُ المُسلِمُونَ مِن مَسَاجِدَ، لَهُ سِتَّةَ عَشَرَ بَابًا.
The Mosque of Samarra : The Mosque of Samarra was founded in Iraq by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil in the period 218-228 A.H./833-843 A.D.in Samarra, Iraq. The mosque has a minaret with a spiral staircase, with sixteen gates opening onto a courtyard. It is considered the most spacious mosque built in the Islamic world
مَسجِدُ سُوسَةَ الجَامِعُ (تُونُسُ)
أَنشَأَهُ أَبُو العَبَّاسِ عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ إِبرَاهِيمَ بنِ أَحمَدَ الأَغلَبِيُّ فِي عَهدِ دَولَةِ الأَغَالِبَةِ شَمَالَ أَفرِيقيَا سَنَةَ (236هـ - 850م) بِمَدِينَةِ سُوسَةَ فِي تُونُسَ. وَيُعتَبَرُ مِن أَجمَلِ وَأَكبَرِ المَسَاجِدِ العَتِيقَةِ البَاقِيَةِ. وَمِن أَكبَرِ المَعالِمِ فِي تَارِيخِ عِمَارَةِ المَسَاجِدِ، مِحرَابُهُ خَشَبِيٌّ مُتَحَرِّكٌ وَهُوَ مِن أَقدَمِ مَا عُثِرَ عَلَيهِ مِن نَوعِهِ فِي تَارِيخِ العِمَارَةِ الإِسلَامِيَّةِ وَيُشبِهُ مِحرَابَ مَسجِدِ الزَّيتُونَةِ فِي تُونُسَ وَالمَسجِدِ الجَامِعِ بِالجَزَائِرِ.
The Mosque of Sousse : The Mosque of Sousse was built in Tunisia by Abu Al-`Abbas `Abdullah Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Ahmad Al-Aghlabi during the reign of the Aghlabids in 236 A.H./850 A.D. One of the biggest and most beautiful of the surviving ancient mosques, it occupies an important place in the history of Islamic architecture. It has a movable wooden mihrab (Prayer niche), similar to that in Al-Masjid Al-Jami` (the Great Mosque) in Algeria and Jami` Al-Zaitunah (The Olive Mosque) in Tunis.
مَسجِدُ صَلَاحِ الدِّينِ (مَالِيزيَا)
The Mosque of Salah Al-Din, Malaysia
مَسجِدُ عِبَادِ الرَّحمَنِ (إِندُونِيسيَا)
The Mosque of `Ibad Al-Rahman, Indonesia
مَسجِدُ قَايِتبَاي (مِصرُ)
أَنشَأَهُ السُّلطَانُ قَايِتبَاي فِي العَهدِ المَملُوكِيِّ بِمِصرَ سَنَةَ (877هـ - 1472م) وَيَقَعُ الآنَ فِي مَقَابِرِ الخُلَفَاءِ جَنُوبَ القَاهِرَةِ. مَسجِدُ قَايِتبَاي هُوَ آخِرُ مَا أَنشَأَهُ السُّلطَانُ وَيُعَدُّ تُحفَةً أَثَرِيَّةً وَخَاصَّةً زَخَارِفُ قُبَّتِهِ المُمَيَّزَةُ وَقَد تَغَنَّى بِهَا الأَثَرِيُّ الفَرَنسِيُّ جَاستُون وِيت.
Qait Bay Mosque : Qait Bay Mosque was founded by Sultan Qait Bay in Egypt during the Mamluk era in 877 A.H./1472 A.D.It is now situated in Maqabir Al-Khulafa' (or the Caliphs' Cemeteries), Cairo. It is the last architectural achievement of Qait Bay, and is especially famed for the beauty of the decorations on its dome. This dome was highly praised by the French archeologist Jaston Wiett.
مَسجِدُ قُبَاءٍ (السُّعُودِيَّةُ)
أَوَّلُ مَسجِدٍ فِي الإِسلَامِ بَنَاهُ الرَّسُولُ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) سَنَةَ 1هـ - 622م بِمَدِينَةِ قُبَاءٍ عَلَى مَشَارِفِ المَدِينَةِ المُنَوَّرَةِ. ذُكِرَ فِي القُرآنِ الكَرِيمِ أَنَّهُ المَسجِدُ الَّذِي أُسِّسَ عَلَى التَّقوَى. وَتَمَّ تَجدِيدُهُ عِدَّةَ مَرَّاتٍ وَكَانَ الخَلِيفَةُ عُمَرُ بنُ عَبدِ العَزِيزِ أَوَّلَ مَن وَضَعَ لَهُ مِئذَنَةً. وَتَوَلَّى تَجدِيدَهُ فِي العَصرِ الحَدِيثِ أُسرَةُ آلِ سُعُودٍ.
The Mosque of Quba' : The Mosque of Quba' was the first mosque built in the Islamic era. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) built it in 1 A.H./622 A.D.in Quba', about 5 km southeast of Medina. The Holy Qur'an referred to it as: "A mosque whose foundations have been laid on piety from the first day" Surah Al-Taubah (No. 9, Verse 108). The Caliph `Umar bin `Abdul-`Aziz was the first to construct a minaret on it. It has been renovated several times throughout the ages, most recently by the Saudi Government.
مَسجِدُ قُبَّةِ الصَّخرَةِ (فِلَسطِينُ)
بُنِيَ فِي عَهدِ الخَلِيفَةِ الأُمَوِيِّ عَبدِ المَلِكِ بنِ مَروَانَ بَينَ سَنَتَي (65-86هـ)ُ (684-705م) فِي مَدِينَةِ القُدسِ الشَّرقِيَّةِ. وَهُوَ مَبنًى مَسجِدِيٌّ فَرِيدٌ فِي بَابِهِ فِي عَالَمِ الإِسلَامِ تَخلِيدًا لِلصَّخرَةِ الَّتِي عُرِجَ بِالرَّسُولِ (صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ) عِندَهَا إِلَى السَّمَاءِ، جُدِّدَ عِدَّةَ مَرَّاتٍ وَزُيِّنَ بِالفُسَيفِسَاءِ وَالقَاشَانِي التُّركِيِّ سَنَةَ 1554م.
The Dome of the Rock Mosque (Qubbat Al-Sakhrah) : The Dome of the Rock Mosque was founded by the Umayyad Caliph Abdul-Malik Ibn Marwan in Jerusalem in the period (65-86 A.H./684-705 A.D.) It was built in memoriam of the rock from which the Prophet began his ascent to heaven (Al-Mi`raj). The mosque has been renovated several times. It was decorated with fine mosaics and Turkish faience in 1554 A.H.
مَسجِدُ قُرطُبَةَ الجَامِعُ (أَسبَانيَا)
بَدَأَ إِنشَاؤُهُ فِي عَهدِ الخَلِيفَةِ الأُمَوِيِّ الأَندَلُسِيِّ عَبدِ الرَّحمَنِ الدَّاخِلِ بِمَدِينَةِ قُرطُبَةَ بِالأَندَلُسِ، أَسبَانيَا الإِسلَامِيَّةِ سَنَةَ 170هـ - 786م. تَمَّ بِنَاءُ هَذَا المَسجِدِ خِلَالَ قَرنَينِ وَنِصفِ قَرنٍ عَلَى وَجهِ التَّقرِيبِ. وَهُوَ قِمَّةٌ مِن قِمَمِ الفَنِّ المِعمَارِيِّ العَالَمِيِّ عَلَى مَرِّ العُصُورِ وَهُوَ أَضخَمُ بَيتٍ لِلصَّلَاةِ بُنِيَ فِي الإِسلَامِ، وَلَمَّا زَرَعَ النَّاسُ شَجَرَةَ التَّارِيخِ فِي الصَّحنِ سُمِّيَ بِصَحنِ التَّارِيخِ، حُوِّلَ إِلَى كَاتَدرَائِيَّة عِندَمَا اِستَولَى الأَسبَانُ عَلَى قُرطُبَةَ سَنَةَ 1236م وَكَانَ لِقُرُونٍ طَوِيلَةٍ أَعظَمَ مَركَزٍ لِلعِلمِ فِي أُورُبَّا، وَكَانَ دَارَ قَضَاءٍ بِقُرطُبَةَ، وَجُدِّدَ بِنَاؤُهُ عِدَّةَ مَرَّاتٍ.
The Great Mosque in Cordoba : The Great Mosque in Cordoba, Spain was founded during the reign of the Umayyad caliph `Abdul-Rahman Al-Dakhil, in 170 A.H./786 A.D.It was completed over a period of nearly two and a half centuries. This mosque is considered one of the greatest architectural achievements in the Islamic era. The famous "History Tree" was planted in the pillared court [Sahn], later known as the Court of History. The mosque was then converted into a cathedral after the Spanish conquest of Cordoba in 1236 A.D. For many years it was the greatest educational center in Europe. It has been renovated several times
لَقَدْ مَنَّ اللّهُ عَلَى الْمُؤمِنِينَ إِذْ بَعَثَ فِيهِمْ رَسُولاً مِّنْ أَنفُسِهِمْ يَتْلُو عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتِهِ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ
وَإِن كَانُواْ مِن قَبْلُ لَفِي ضَلالٍ مُّبِينٍ .
رب توفنى مسلما وألحقنى بالصالحين | |
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